हिंदी
CISCEISC (Arts) Class 12
प्रश्न पत्र३३८
पाठ्यपुस्तक उत्तर१६६८१
महत्वपूर्ण प्रश्न एवं उत्तर४८०१
अवधारणा स्पष्टीकरण और वीडियो५०५
समय सारणी१५
पाठ्यक्रम

Psychology ISC (Arts) Class 12 CISCE Syllabus 2025-26

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CISCE Class 12 Psychology Syllabus - Free PDF Download

CISCE Syllabus 2025-26 Class 12: The CISCE Class 12 Psychology Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 CISCE Class 12 Psychology Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CISCE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.

The detailed CISCE Class 12 Psychology Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.

Academic year:

CISCE Class 12 Psychology Revised Syllabus

CISCE Class 12 Psychology and their Unit wise marks distribution

CISCE Class 12 Psychology Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme

#Unit/TopicWeightage
1  Intelligence and Ability 
2  Personality 
3  Life Span Development 
4  Stress and Stress Management 
5  Psychological Disorders and Psychotherapy 
6  Social Thought and Social Behaviour 
7  Attitudes, Prejudice and Stereotypes 
8  Applications of Psychology to Different Areas of Life 
 Total -
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Syllabus

1 Intelligence and Ability [Revision]
  • Concept of Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Intelligence
    • Activity: Fact or Belief?
    • Features
    • Gardner's Eight Intelligences
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Judging Intelligence from Behaviour  
      • Introduction
      • Why Behaviour Alone Is Unreliable?
      • Common Mistakes in Judging Intelligence
      • Factors Influencing Intelligence
      • Scientific Assessment
      • Key Point Summary
  • Measurement of Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Binet's Contribution (1904)
    • Development of Intelligence Tests
    • Types of Intelligence Tests
    • Usefulness of Tests
    • Key Point Summary
    • Mental Age  
      • Introduction
      • Historical Framework
      • Calculation of Mental Age
      • Example 
      • Interpretation of Mental Age
      • Growth Pattern of Mental Age
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Intelligence Quotient  
      • Introduction
      • IQ Levels and Interpretation
      • Formula of IQ
      • Example
      • Activity: Calculation of IQ
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Intelligent Tests  
    • Introduction
    • Historical Timeline
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Points Summary
  • Types of Intelligence Tests  
    • Introduction
    • Types of Intelligence Tests
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Individual Test  
      • Introduction
      • Features of Individual Tests
      • Major Intelligence Testing Scales
      • Advantages of Individual Tests
      • Disadvantages of Individual Tests
      • Process of Individual Testing
      • Real-Life Applications
      • Key Point Summary
    • Group Test  
      • Introduction
      • Historical Evolution
      • Advantages of Group Tests
      • Disadvantages of Group Tests
      • Real-Life Applications
      • Key Point Summary
    • Verbal Test  
      • Introduction
      • Features of Verbal Tests
      • Modern Verbal Intelligence Tests
      • Types of Verbal Test Questions
      • Activity: Verbal Analogy-Intelligence Test
      • Advantages of Verbal Tests
      • Disadvantages of Verbal Tests
      • Real-Life Applications
      • Key Point Summary
    • Non-Verbal Test  
      • Introduction
      • Features
      • Types of Non-Verbal Tests
      • Advantages of Non-Verbal Tests
      • Disadvantages of Non-verbal Tests
      • Research Evidence
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Infant Intelligence Tests  
      • Introduction
      • Gesell Developmental Schedules
      • Development Quotient (DQ)
      • Example Calculation
      • Milestones in Gesell Schedules
      • Supporting Research
      • Indian Context
      • Common Errors
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Culture Bias and Culture Fair Tests  
      • Introduction
      • Culture-Biased Tests
      • Culture-Fair Tests
      • Examples of Culture-Fair Tests
      • Cattell’s Two-Factor Theory of Intelligence
      • Strategies for Fair Test Design
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Non-Verbal Test> Raven's Progressive Matrices Test  
    • Introduction
    • Key Features
    • Test Structure
    • Scoring & Reliability
    • Applications
    • Common Mistakes & Tips
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Points Summary
  • Levels of Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Levels of Intelligence (I.Q. Ranges)
    • Things to Remember
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Implications of Intelligence Levels  
      • Introduction
      • Groups Based on IQ Scores
      • Who Are Gifted Children?
      • Differences in Performance
      • Why It Matters?
      • Real-Life Applications
      • Key Point Summary
    • Constancy of I.Q.  
      • Introduction
      • Main Findings
      • Factors Affecting IQ Constancy
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Age and Intelligence  
      • Introduction
      • Intelligence Growth Over the Lifespan
      • Distribution of IQ in the Population (Normal Curve)
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Determinants of Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Heredity: The Genetic Blueprint
    • Environment: Shaping Potential
    • Heredity-Environment Interaction
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Hereditary Factors  
      • Introduction
      • Main Studies and Evidence
      • IQ and Heredity Studies
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Environmental Factors  
      • Introduction
      • Environmental Influence
      • Research Findings
      • Flowchart: Environmental Factors
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Hereditary Factors> Jensen’s Theory  
    • Introduction
    • Key Concepts
    • Jensen’s Hierarchical Model
    • Jensen’s Model Diagram
    • Criticisms
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Environmental Factors> Indian Studies on Environment and Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Major Indian Studies on Environment and Intelligence
    • Study by Das, Jachuck, and Panda (1968)
    • Study by Rath, Dash & Dash, 1973
    • Study by Das & Singha, 1974
    • Study by Jachuck & Mohanty, 1974
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Environmental Factors> Culture  
    • Introduction
    • Impact of Culture on Abilities
    • Historical Evidence
    • Types of Intelligence Across Cultures
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Environmental Factors> Sex Differences  
    • Introduction
    • Hobson (1947) - Junior High Analysis
    • Havighurst & Breese (1949) - Age 13 Community Sample
    • Sweeney (1953) - College-Level Problem Solving
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Environmental Factors> Health  
    • Introduction
    • Healthy Heredity and Intelligence
    • Role of Endocrine (Hormonal) Glands
    • How Nutrition Affects Intelligence
    • Breaking Myths: Health and IQ
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Environmental Factors> Family Size  
    • Introduction
    • Key Findings
    • Explanatory Table
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Environmental Factors> Social Deprivation  
    • Introduction
    • Skeels’ 1966 Investigation
    • Impact of Deprivation Duration
    • Educational and Policy Implications
    • Key Point Summary
  • Environmental Factors> Socio-economic Status  
    • Introduction
    • SES Levels and Resources
    • Impact on Intelligence
    • Impact on Personality
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Theories of Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Theories of Intelligence
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Charles Spearman's Two Factor Theory  
      • Introduction
      • Historical Background
      • Understanding Factor Analysis
      • Two-Factor Theory
      • Thorndike's Alternative View
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Modern Theories of Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Modern Intelligence Theory
    • Overview of Modern Intelligence Theories
    • Key Point Summary
    • Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory  
      • Introduction
      • Triarchic Theory Overview
      • Componential (Analytical) Intelligence
      • Experiential (Creative) Intelligence
      • Contextual (Practical) Intelligence
      • Key Point Summary
    • Theory of Intelligence by Cattell  
      • Key Concepts
      • Fluid vs. Crystallized Intelligence
      • Measurement & Assessment
      • Developmental Trends
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • New Trends in Intelligence> Emotional Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Activity 1: Examples of Emotional Intelligence
    • Importance of EI vs. IQ
    • Activity 2: Emotional Intelligence Comparison
    • Characteristics: High EI vs. Low EI
    • Models of Emotional Intelligence
    • Benefits of High EI
    • Key Point Summary
  • New Trends in Intelligence> Artificial Intelligence  
    • Introduction 
    • Activity: Devices Using Artificial Intelligence
    • Human Intelligence vs Artificial Intelligence
    • Branches of AI
    • AI Workflow
    • Core Applications
    • Limits & Ethical Considerations
    • Key Point Summary
  • Creativity and Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Everyday and Eminent Creativity
    • Features of Creativity
    • Theories and Definitions
    • Creativity and Intelligence: Relationship
    • Creativity & Intelligence Tests
    • Key Point Summary
    • Relation Between Creativity and Intelligence  
      • Introduction
      • Definition: Intelligence
      • Definition: Creativity
      • Intelligence vs. Creativity
      • Key Insights from Research
      • Traits of Creativity
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Concept of Aptitude  
    • Introduction
    • Aptitude vs. Intelligence vs. Achievement
    • Types of Aptitude Tests
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Types of Aptitude Tools  
    • Introduction
    • Flow Chart
    • Types of Aptitude Tools
    • Key Point Summary
  • Types of Aptitude Test> General Aptitude Test Battery (GATB)  
    • Introduction
    • Purpose of GATB
    • Nine Aptitudes Measured by GATB
    • Using GATB Results for Career Planning
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Types of Aptitude Test> Differential Aptitude Test (DAT)  
    • Introduction
    • Purpose and Benefits
    • Eight Subtests of DAT
    • Preparation Tips for Students
    • Key Points Summary
  • Types of Aptitude Test> Special Aptitude Test  
    • Introduction
    • Types of Special Aptitude Tests
    • Aptitude Test Selection
    • Importance and Benefits
    • Consequences of Ignoring Aptitude
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Achievement Tests  
    • Introduction
    • Purpose of Achievement Tests
    • Features of Achievement Tests
    • Types of Achievement Tests
    • Steps in Test Construction
    • Key Point Summary
    • Uses of Achievement Tests  
      • Introduction
      • Use in School Education 
      • Process of Achievement Testing
      • Use in Job Selection
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Points Summary
    • Batteries of Achievement Tests  
      • Introduction
      • Features
      • Process of Constructing an Achievement Test Battery
      • Subtests in an Achievement Test Battery
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Combination of Aptitude-Achievement Batteries  
    • Introduction
    • Purpose and Importance
    • Components
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Points Summary
  • Concept of Interest  
    • Key Terms
    • Relation Between Interest, Aptitude and Achievement
    • Measuring Interest
    • Importance of Interest Measurement
    • Types of Interests
    • Key Points Summary
  • Interest Tests  
    • Introduction
    • Importance of Interest Tests
    • Types of Interest Tests
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Points Summary
  • Types of Interest Test Tools> Strong Vocational Interest Blank  
    • Introduction
    • History
    • SVIB Assessment Process
    • SVIB Item Clusters
    • Key Research Findings
    • Limitations
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Types of Interest Test Tools> Strong-Campbell Interest Inventory (1974)  
    • Introduction
    • General Occupational Themes (GOT)
    • Career Planning Process
    • Basic Interest Scales
    • Occupational Scales (OS)
    • Personal Style Scales (PSS)
    • Conclusion
  • Comparison of Aptitude, Achievement, and Interest Tests  
    • Aptitude vs. Achievement Tests
    • Aptitude vs. Interest 
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Points Summary
2 Personality [Revision]
3 Life Span Development [Revision]
  • Concept of Life Span Development  
    • Introduction
    • Features
    • Growth vs Development
    • Major Stages of Life Span Development
    • Domains of Development
    • Importance of Studying Life Span Development
    • Methods of Studying Development
    • Key Point Summary
  • Growth and Development  
    • Introduction
    • Meaning of Growth
    • Meaning of Development
    • Relationship between Growth and Development
    • Factors Affecting Growth and Development
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Principles and Characteristics of Development  
    • Introduction
    • Principles of Development
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Trends of Development  
    • Introduction
    • Cephalocaudal Trend
    • Proximodistal Trend
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Factors Influencing Development  
    • Introduction
    • Biological or Internal Factors
    • Environmental or External Factors
    • Social and Emotional Factors
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Importance of Studying Childhood Development  
    • Introduction
    • Importance of Studying Childhood Development
    • Effects of Poor Childhood Experiences
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Maturation and Learning or Heredity and Environment  
    • Introduction
    • Heredity: The Nature Side
    • Environment: The Nurture Side
    • Maturation: Inner Growth and Readiness
    • Learning: Experience-Based Change
    • Interaction between Heredity and Environment
    • Educational Implications
    • Maturation vs Learning
    • Key Point Summary
  • Genetic Bases of Development  
    • Introduction
    • Heredity
    • Role of Environment
    • Heredity and Environment Work Together
    • Scientific Explanation
    • Galton’s View
    • Key Point Summary
    • Chromosome  
      • Introduction
      • Chromosome Formation at Conception
      • Genes – The Carriers of Heredity
      • Role in Inheritance
      • Scientific Understanding
      • Key Point Summary
    • Genes  
      • Introduction
      • Structure of DNA
      • Genes and Chromosomes
      • How Genes Work (Central Dogma)
      • Functions of DNA
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Personality  
      • Introduction
      • Heredity and Behaviour
      • Twin Studies
      • Personality Traits Related to Heredity
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Mechanism of Heredity Transmission  
    • Introduction
    • Meaning of Hereditary Transmission
    • Role of Genes and Chromosomes
    • Model of DNA
    • Inheritance of Trait
    • Differences Among Siblings
    • Fixation of Traits at Conception
    • Scientific View (Kuhlen & Thompson)
    • Crossing Over – Ensuring Uniqueness
    • Special Case: Identical Twins
    • Key Point Summary
    • Sex Determination  
      • Introduction
      • Chromosomes – The Deciding Factor
      • Genetic Factors That Determine Sex
      • Possible Gene Combination of Offspring
      • Extra Facts
      • Key Point Summary
  • Concept of Intelligence  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Intelligence
    • Activity: Fact or Belief?
    • Features
    • Gardner's Eight Intelligences
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Importance of Heredity in Development  
    • Introduction
    • Relationship Between Heredity and Environment
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Heredity's Role in Human Development  
      • Introduction
      • Pintner’s View (1931)
      • Research by Pearson (1904)
      • Role of Heredity in Human Development
      • Modern Understanding of Heredity and Environment
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Environment's Role in Human Development  
      • Introduction
      • Early Research Studies (1920s)
      • Watson’s Behaviourist View
      • Balanced Modern View: Nature and Nurture Together
      • Formula of Development
      • Trait Influence
      • Studies Showing Genetic Limits
      • Early Childhood: A Crucial Stage
      • Role of Environment in Shaping Personality
      • Modern Understanding
      • Key Point Summary
  • Bronfenbrenner's Ecological System Theory  
    • Introduction
    • About Urie Bronfenbrenner
    • The Five Environmental Systems
    • Integration of the Ecological Systems
    • Importance of Theory
    • Later Development: Bioecological Model
    • Key Point Summary
    • Levels of Ecological System  
      • Introduction
      • Microsystem – Immediate Environment
      • Mesosystem – Connections Between Microsystems
      • Exosystem – Indirect Influences
      • Macrosystem – Culture and Society
      • Chronosystem – Time and Life Changes
      • The Bioecological Model (Update)
      • How All Systems Work Together?
      • Key Points Summary
    • Technology and Ecological System  
      • Introduction
      • Effects of Technology
      • Merits of Technology
      • Demerits of Technology
      • Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems Theory
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Stages of Development> Period of Infancy  
    • Introduction
    • Neonatal Period (Birth to 10–14 Days)
    • Babyhood (After 14 Days up to 2 Years)
    • Key Features of Infancy
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Crying and Breathing  
      • Introduction
      • Crying and Breathing
      • Sleep in Newborns
      • Sleep by Age
      • Key Point Summary
    • Temperature  
      • Temperature
      • Hunger
      • Feeding Frequency
      • Key Point Summary
  • Stages of Development> Prenatal Developmental Period  
    • Prenatal Period
    • Major Stages of Prenatal Development
    • Key Milestones in Each Stage
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Sensory Development of the Neonate> Reaction to Sound  
    • Introduction
    • Reaction of Newborn to Sound
    • Rhythm and Familiar Sounds
    • Research on Sound Sensitivity
    • Baby's Reaction to Sound Types
    • Key Point Summary
  • Sensory Development of the Neonate> Smell and Taste  
    • Introduction
    • Smell in Newborns
    • Taste in Newborns
    • Baby Responses to Stimulus
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Sensory Development of the Neonate> Temperature  
    • Introduction
    • Reaction of Newborns
    • Individual Differences
    • Key Point Summary
  • Sensory Development of the Neonate> Pain  
    • Pain Sensitivity in Newborns
    • Emotion of the Newborn Infant
    • Bodily Growth in Infancy
    • Key Point Summary
  • Stages of Development> Babyhood  
    • Introduction
    • Main Features of Babyhood
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Stages of Development> Childhood  
    • Introduction
    • Key Growth Areas
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Concept of Adolescence  
    • Introduction
    • Meaning
    • Stages of Adolescence
    • Development of Sexual and Secondary Sexual Characters
    • Physical Changes during Adolescence
    • Emotional and Social Changes
    • Adolescence as a Phase
    • Adjustment Demands of Adolescence  
      • Introduction
      • Main Adjustment Demands of Adolescence
      • Identity Crisis (Erikson’s Concept)
      • Major Developmental Tasks
      • Success and Challenges
      • Key Point Summary
    • Socio-Emotional Impact on Adolescents  
      • Introduction
      • Stages and Main Emotions
      • Factors Affecting Socio-Emotional Development
      • Social Behaviours and Their Effects
      • Adjustment Problems
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Physical Development  
    • Meaning of Motor Responses
    • Principles of Physical and Motor Development
    • After Birth
    • Influence of Physical Growth
    • Key Point Summary
    • Height and Weight  
      • Introduction
      • How Genes and Environment Work?
      • Growth Facts from Birth to Adolescence
      • Main Factors Affecting Growth
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Motor Development  
    • Introduction
    • Importance of Motor Development
    • Reflexes in Newborns
    • Other Major Reflexes
    • Mass and Specific Movements
    • How Development Progresses?
    • Key Point Summary
    • Locomotor Development  
      • Introduction
      • Importance
      • Stages of Locomotor Development
      • Research Highlights
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Objective Performance  
      • Introduction
      • Importance in Development
      • When Does It Develop?
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Piaget's Concept of Cognitive Development  
    • Introduction
    • How Children Learn: Adaptation, Assimilation, and Accommodation
    • Assimilation vs. Accommodation
    • Stages of Cognitive Development
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development  
    • Introduction
    • The Four Stages
    • Key Point Summary
    • Period of Intuitive Thought  
      • Introduction
      • Key Features
      • Limitations of Thinking
      • Role of Language
      • Social and Cultural Effects
      • Key Point Summary
    • Concrete Operation Stage  
      • Introduction
      • Features
      • Before and After Concrete Operation
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Sensory-Motor Period> Internal Mental Combination (18-24 months)  
    • Introduction
    • Key Features
    • What is New at This Stage?
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Emotional Development during Infancy and Childhood  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Emotion
    • Importance of Emotions
    • Key Features of Emotion
    • Key Point Summary
    • Development of Emotion  
      • Introduction
      • How Did Psychologists Respond?
      • Age-wise Emotional Changes
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Role of Learning and Imitation  
      • Introduction
      • How Learning and Imitation Shape Emotions?
      • Classic Experiment: Watson’s Little Albert
      • Types of Emotional Development
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Concept and Nature of Attachment  
    • Introduction
    • Features
    • Attachment Responses
    • Research Highlights
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Growth of Attachment  
      • Introduction
      • Harlow’s Monkey Experiment
      • Harlow’s Findings and Human Attachment
      • Bowlby’s View of Attachment
      • Example
      • Growth of Attachment in Human Infants
      • Conditions that Help or Disturb Attachment
      • Attachment as a Developmental Process
      • Bilateral (Two-Way) Nature of Attachment
      • Key Point Summary
    • Formation of Attachment  
      • Introduction
      • How Are Attachments Formed?
      • Role of Learning (Stimulus Generalization)
      • Spreading Attachment to Others
      • When Attachment Fails
      • Effects of Poor Attachment
      • Advice for Parents
      • Key Points Summary
    • Role of Feeding in Attachment  
      • Introduction
      • How Feeding Behaviour Helps Attachment?
      • Breastfeeding vs Bottle Feeding
      • Demand Feeding vs Fixed Time Feeding
      • Comfort and Muscle Relaxation
      • Schema: How Babies Know Their Mother
      • Attachment to Other Caregivers
      • Culture and Attachment
      • Key Point Summary
    • Attachment and Anxiety  
      • Introduction
      • Types of Anxiety
      • How Children Cope?
      • Attachment to People and Objects
      • Research Findings
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Beginning of Social Behaviour  
    • Introduction
    • Beginning of Social Behaviour
    • Studies on Babies During Play
    • Growth of Cooperation and Friendliness
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
    • Reaction to Mother  
      • Introduction
      • Why is Warm Mothering Important?
      • What Happens When Mothering is Cold or Unreliable?
      • Attachment and Social Development
      • Social Development Steps
      • Differences in Social Development
      • Poor Social Development
      • How to Help Social Development?
      • Key Point Summary
    • Early Childhood (2 yrs – 6 yrs)  
      • Introduction
      • Role of Development and Family
      • Role of School and Peers
      • Sharing and Aggression - Case Study
      • Egocentrism and Social Training
      • Social Behaviour and Play
      • Friendships and Conflicts
      • Competitive Behaviour
    • Role of Peers in Social Development  
      • Introduction
      • How Peers Influence Social Development?
      • Peer Influence Factors
      • Impact of Lack of Real Peers
      • Consequences of Lack of Peers
      • Key Point Summary
  • Development of Gender Identity  
    • Meaning and Start of Gender Identity
    • Definition: Gender Identity
    • Role of Parents, Family and Culture
    • Biological Sex, Play and Socialization
    • Everyday Signs of Gender Identity
    • Culture Types and Processes in Gender Identity
    • Key Point Summary
  • Development of Gender Roles  
    • Meaning
    • Gender Roles in Different Cultures
    • Factors that Influence Gender Roles
    • Traditional View of Women’s Roles
    • Examples of Women Breaking Traditional Roles
    • Learning of Gender Roles from Early Childhood
    • Role of Culture and Social Control
    • Biological Disadvantages
    • Changing Gender Roles in the 21st Century
    • Key Point Summary
  • Gender Typing  
    • Meaning
    • Who Influences Gender Typing?
    • Development of Gender Typing
    • Gender Stereotypes
    • Real-Life Applications
    • Key Point Summary
  • Types of Stereotypes  
    • Gender Stereotypes  
      • Meaning
      • Common Gender Stereotypes
      • Can Gender Stereotypes Change?
      • Harmfulness of Strong Gender Stereotypes
      • Equality of Men and Women
      • Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination
      • Role of Teachers and Schools
      • Parents and Family
      • Gender Stereotypes in India
      • Why Do Gender Stereotypes Continue?
      • Key Point Summary
  • Gender Differences in Development  
    • Beliefs About Gender
    • Biological and Social Causes
    • Culture, Dress, and Control
    • Male-Dominated Society and Women’s Position
    • Change, Empowerment, and Children’s Learning
    • Key Point Summary
  • Major Concerns of Adolescence > Delinquency  
    • Meaning
    • Key Features of Delinquency
    • Causes of Delinquency
    • Handling Delinquency
    • Prevention of Delinquency
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Elements of Gender Differences  
    • Introduction
    • Elements of Gender Differences
    • Key Point Summary
  • Conscience and Moral Development  
    • Introduction
    • Early Stage: Pleasure Principle
    • Rapid Development in Childhood
    • Shift from Self to Others
    • Agents that Help Moral Development
    • Learning Social Rules and Good Habits
    • Generalised Morality in Early Years
    • Key Point Summary
    • Factors Influencing Conscience  
      • Meaning of Conscience
      • Main Influences on Conscience
      • Role of Experience, Imitation, and Advice
      • Mother’s Attitude and Parenting Style
      • Love-Oriented Discipline (Mussen)
      • Operant Conditioning Idea (Skinner)
      • Key Point Summary
    • Morality and Conscience in Adolescence  
      • Key Terms
      • Role of Parents (Sears and Maccoby, 1957)
      • When There Is No Warm Relationship
      • Meaning of Morality
      • Morality and Human Values
      • How Morality First Develops?
      • Rigidity of conscience and morality before 12 years
      • Key Point Summary
    • Piaget's View on Moral Development  
      • Piaget’s Main Idea
      • Two Types of Morality (Piaget)
      • Change in Moral Thinking Around 9–12 years
      • Influence of Family, Religion, and Peers on Moral Development
      • Development of Conscience and Possible Problems
      • Key Point Summary
  • Major Concerns of Adolescence > Substance Abuse  
    • Introduction
    • Main Concepts
    • Warning Signs
    • How Substance Abuse Harms?
    • Real-Life Application
    • Key Point Summary
  • Major Psychological Disorder> Eating Disorders  
    • Introduction
    • Types of Eating Disorders
    • Anorexia Nervosa
    • Bulimia Nervosa
    • Binge Eating
    • Key Point Summary
    • Bulimia Nervosa  
      • Meaning
      • Onset and Who Gets It
      • Causes
      • Age and Gender Trends (Heatherton et al., 1997)
      • Consequences
      • Treatment
      • Key Point Summary
    • Anorexia Nervosa  
      • Introduction
      • Who gets Anorexia Nervosa?
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Anorexia Nervosa vs. Normal Eating
      • Risks and Consequences
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
  • Kohlberg's View on Moral Development  
    • Role of Thinking in Moral Development
    • From Rigid Rules to Flexible Rules
    • Example: Murder and Motive
    • Example: Stealing in Extreme Hunger
    • Moral Dilemmas and Pressure Situations
    • Different Opinions in a Moral Dilemma
    • Cultural Differences in Morality
  • Critique of Kohlberg's Moral Reasoning Theory  
    • Introduction
    • Link to Piaget
    • Stages and Levels
    • Method: Moral Dilemmas
    • Educational Application
    • Cross-Cultural Questions
    • Indian Research: Vasudav and Hummel (1987)
    • Overall Evaluation
  • Cognitive Development during Adolescence  
    • Changes in Thinking
    • Key Concepts
    • Boys and Girls
    • Piaget’s Theory
    • Key Point Summary
4 Stress and Stress Management [Revision]
  • Concept of Stress  
    • Introduction
    • Meaning of Stress and Stressors
    • Definition: Stress
    • Stress in Modern Life
    • Stress as Demand and Pressure
    • Examples
    • Positive and Negative Sides of Stress
    • Eustress and Distress
    • Working Definition of Stress
    • Key Point Summary
  • Nature of Stress  
    • Meaning of Stress
    • Positive and Negative Stress
    • Origin and Basic Concept of Stress and Strain
    • Modern Psychological View of Stress
    • Cognitive Appraisal (Lazarus)
    • Factors Affecting Stress Experience
    • Types and Dimensions of Stressors
    • Stress Reactions
  • Process of Stress  
    • Stress as a Process
    • Stressors and Their Dimensions
    • Individual Differences in Stress
    • Appraisal, Resources and Social Support
    • Managing Stress
  • Levels of Stress  
    • Introduction
    • Biological Level of Stress
    • Psychological Level of Stress
    • Individual and Group Levels of Stress
    • Brain Pathways and Arousal in Stress
    • Emotional, Behavioural and Cognitive Reactions
    • Key Point Summary
  • Concept of Stressors  
    • Meaning
    • Main Types of Stressors
    • Detailed Life-Area Stressors
    • Strong Negative Stressors (Kaplan & Sadock)
    • Individual Differences in Response to Stressors
    • Stressors, Adjustment Disorder and Reactions
  • Types of Stressors  
    • Introduction
    • Negative Stressors
    • Positive Stressors
    • Effects of Positive Stressors
    • Real-Life Application
  • Characteristics of Stressors  
    • Characteristics of Stressors
    • Effects of Stress on Health and Performance
    • Psychophysiological Reaction Patterns (Wolff)
    • Stress and Specific Disorders (Alexander)
    • Key Point Summary
  • Concept of Burnt Out  
    • Meaning
    • Effects of Burnout
    • Daily Work‑Related Burnout
    • Other Situations Leading to Burnout
    • Need For Coping
  • General Adoption Syndrome (G.A.S.)  
    • Meaning
    • Why Does This Reaction Happen?
    • Stages of General Adaptation Syndrome
    • Effect of Perception and Control
    • Individual Differences and Coping
    • Selye’s Main Conclusions from GAS
    • Key Point Summary
    • Limitations of G.A.S.  
  • Types of Stress  
  • Sources of Stress  
  • Sources of Stress> Environmental/Situational, External  
    • Stressful Life Events (Physical Environment)  
    • Frustration (Physical, Social, and Internal Stressors)  
  • Sources of Stress> Internal Sources of Stress  
    • Introversion and Extroversion  
    • Personality Types of Variables  
  • Effects of Stress on Physical Health  
    • Introduction
    • Stress and Health
    • Examination Anxiety
    • General Adaptation Syndrome
    • Stress and the Immune System
    • Lifestyle
    • Cardiovascular Disorder  
    • Coronary Heart Disease  
    • Essential Hypertension  
    • Tension Headaches  
    • Asthma  
    • Eczema  
    • Peptic Ulcers  
    • Colitis  
    • Diabetes  
  • Effects of Stress on Performance  
    • Relation between Stress and Performance  
  • Effects of Stress on Mental Illness  
  • Stress Management  
    • Effective Ways of Handling Stress  
    • Stress Management Techniques  
    • Ineffective Ways of Handling Stress  
  • Stress Management Techniques> Sudarshan Kriya  
  • Stress Management Techniques> Relaxation Techniques  
  • Ineffective Ways of Handling Stress> Ineffective Responses  
  • Ineffective Ways of Handling Stress> Defence Mechanisms of the Ego  
    • Introduction
    • Sublimation
    • Rationalisation
    • Repression  
    • Regression  
    • Projection  
    • Displacement  
    • Reaction Formation  
  • Promoting Positive Health and Well-being  
  • Impact of Stress on Well-Being  
  • Effective Lifestyle  
5 Psychological Disorders and Psychotherapy [Revision]
  • Concept of Abnormal Behaviour  
    • Basics of Abnormal Psychology
    • The Four D’s of Abnormality
    • Conceptual Approaches
    • Real-Life Scenarios
    • Key Takeaways
  • Perspectives of Abnormal Behaviour> Statistical Perspective  
  • Perspectives of Abnormal Behaviour> Biological and Medical Perspectives  
  • Perspectives of Abnormal Behaviour> Psychological/Psychodynamic Perspective  
  • Perspectives of Abnormal Behaviour> Socio-Cultural Perspective  
  • Perspectives of Abnormal Behaviour> Diathesis-Stress Perspective  
  • Features of Abnormal Behaviour  
  • Classification of Psychological Disorders  
    • DSM-IV Classification System  
      • Childhood and Adolescence Disorders
      • Cognitive and Organic Disorders
      • Substance-Related & Psychotic Disorders
      • Mood & Anxiety Disorders
      • Somatoform, Dissociative & Factitious Disorders
      • Sexual, Eating, Sleep & Impulse-Control Disorders
      • Personality & Adjustment Disorders
    • APA Criteria of Abnormal Behaviour  
    • DSM-V Classification  
      • Introduction
      • Dimensions
  • DSM-IV Classification System> DSM-IV Multiaxial System  
  • DSM-IV Classification System> Schizophrenia Symptoms (as per DSM-IV-TR)  
  • Limitations of DSM-IV  
  • Major Psychological Disorder> Anxiety Disorders  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Anxiety Disorder
    • Generalized Anxiety Disorder
    • Phobic Disorders
    • Activity: Exploring Different Types of Phobias
    • Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders  
      • Introduction
      • Panic Disorder
      • Phobic Disorder
      • Types of Phobias
  • Major Psychological Disorder> Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)  
    • Concept of Obsession  
    • Compulsive Disorder  
  • Mood Disorders  
    • Depressive Disorders  
      • Introduction
      • Prevalence of Depression
      • Definition: Depressive Disorder
      • Symptoms 
  • Causes of Depression  
  • Major Psychological Disorder> Dissociative Disorders  
    • Introduction
    • Features
    • Dissociative Amnesia  
  • Personality Disorder  
    • Introduction
    • Flow Chart
    • Anti-social Personality Disorder  
      • Introduction
      • Causes
    • Avoidant Personality Disorder  
    • Histrionic Personality Disorder  
    • Dependent Personality Disorder  
    • Passive and Aggressive Style Personality  
  • Major Psychological Disorder> Eating Disorders  
    • Introduction
    • Types of Eating Disorders
    • Anorexia Nervosa
    • Bulimia Nervosa
    • Binge Eating
    • Key Point Summary
    • Anorexia Nervosa  
      • Introduction
      • Who gets Anorexia Nervosa?
      • Causes
      • Symptoms
      • Anorexia Nervosa vs. Normal Eating
      • Risks and Consequences
      • Real-Life Application
      • Key Point Summary
    • Bulimia Nervosa  
      • Meaning
      • Onset and Who Gets It
      • Causes
      • Age and Gender Trends (Heatherton et al., 1997)
      • Consequences
      • Treatment
      • Key Point Summary
  • Behavioural and Developmental Disorders  
    • Introduction
    • DSM-III-R Categories & Examples
    • External Behaviour Disorders  
      • Introduction
      • Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
      • Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
      • Conduct Disorder (CD)
    • Internal Behaviour Disorders  
      • Introduction
      • Separation Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
    • Autism  
      • Introduction
      • Symptoms
      • Causes
      • Treatment
  • Major Psychological Disorder> Schizophrenia  
    • Introduction
    • Case Study
    • Characteristics
    • Symptoms
    • Types of Schizophrenia  
    • Origin and Causes of Schizophrenia  
      • Introduction
      • Causes
    • Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia  
  • Symptoms of Schizophrenia> Positive Symptoms  
  • Symptoms of Schizophrenia> Negative Symptoms  
  • Concept of Psychotherapy  
    • Introduction
    • Characteristics
    • Objectives
    • Nature
    • Therapeutic Relationship
    • Process
    • Therapeutic Approaches
  • Forms of Psychotherapy  
    • Psychodynamic Therapies  
    • Behaviour Therapies  
      • Introduction
      • Method of Treatment
      • Behavioural Techniques
      • Relaxation Procedures
    • Cognitive Therapy  
  • Psychodynamic Therapies> Psychoanalysis  
    • Introduction
    • Evaluation of Psychoanalysis
    • Limitations
    • Techniques used in Psychoanalysis  
      • Flow Chart
      • Free Association
      • Dream Interpretation
      • Resistance
      • Tranference
  • Psychodynamic Therapies> Alfred Adler's Psychodynamic Therapy  
  • Psychodynamic Therapies> Sullivan's Psychodynamic Therapy  
  • Humanistic-existential Therapy> Client Centred Therapy  
    • Introduction
    • Method and Process
    • Role of Therapist and Outcomes
    • Limitations
  • Behaviour Therapies> Systematic Desensitisation  
    • Introduction
    • Relaxation
    • Hierarchy of Individual's Anxieties
    • Desensitization
  • Behaviour Therapies> Operant-Based Behaviour Therapy  
    • Aversion Therapy  
    • Flooding or Impulsive Therapy  
    • Modelling  
    • Assertive Training  
    • Thought Stopping  
    • Token Economy  
  • Behaviour Therapies> Evaluation of Behaviour Therapy  
  • Rehabilitation  
6 Social Thought and Social Behaviour [Revision]
  • Social Perception  
  • Concept of Attribution  
    • Biases in Forming Attribution or Judgments  
    • Biases in Attribution  
    • Influence of Feedback on Attribution  
    • Criticisms of Attribution Bias  
    • Reduction of Attribution Bias  
  • Sources of Biases and Errors in Attribution  
    • Person Positively Bias  
    • Motivational Bias  
    • Motivational Skepticism  
    • False Consensus Effect  
    • Cognitive Bias  
    • Hostile Attribution Bias  
    • Intergroup Attribution Bias  
  • Cultural Bias  
  • Social Groups  
    • Ingredients of Group Behaviour  
    • Changing Others’ Behaviour  
  • Characteristics of Social Group  
  • Types of Social Group  
  • Formation of Groups  
    • Introduction
    • Five-Stage Model of Group Formation
    • Factors Affecting Group Formation
    • Human Preference for Groups
  • Functions of Group  
    • Group At Work  
  • Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour  
  • Reasons for Influencing Behaviour  
  • Techniques of Behaviour Change  
  • Concept of Social Norms  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Social Norms
    • Importance
    • Changes in Social Norms
  • Concept of Conformity  
    • Value of Conformity  
    • Conformity to Social Norms  
    • Asch's Study on Conformity  
  • Concept of Obedience  
    • Causes of Obedience  
    • Milgram's Experiment on Obedience  
  • Difference between Conformity and Obedience  
  • Factors Affecting Conformity and Obedience  
7 Attitudes, Prejudice and Stereotypes [Revision]
  • Concept of Attitude  
    • Introduction
    • Meaning 
    • Definition: Attitude
    • Importance
  • Earlier Studies on Attitude  
  • Nature and Components of Attitudes  
  • Classification of Attitude  
  • Formation of Attitude  
    • Introduction
    • Process of Attitude Formation
    • Factors Influencing Attitude Formation
  • Role of Genetic Factors in Attitude Formation  
  • Determinants of Attitude  
    • Flow Chart
    • Motivational Determinants  
    • Perceptual Determinants  
    • Social Determinants  
    • Verbal Determinant  
    • Personality Factors  
  • Functions of Attitude  
  • Attitude and Related Concepts  
    • Attitude and Behaviour
    • Attitude and Opinion
    • Attitude and Sentiment
    • Attitude and Belief
    • Attitude and Perception 
  • Attitude Change  
    • Introduction
    • Process of Attitude Change
    • Factors Influencing Attitude Change
    • Direct Contact  
    • Increased Familiarity of the Attitudinal Object  
    • Education  
    • Frame of Reference  
    • Sudden Conversion due to Trauma  
    • Role Playing and Dramatic Experience  
    • Cognitive Dissonance  
    • Balance of the Psychological Field  
  • Social Groups  
    • Compliance  
    • Identification  
    • Internalization through Persuasion  
  • Programme of Action for Attitude Change  
  • Indian Research on Attitude and Change  
  • Prejudice and Discrimination  
  • Concept of Prejudice  
    • Introduction
    • Definition: Prejudice
    • Characteristics of Prejudice
    • Functions of Prejudice
  • Origin and Development of Prejudice  
  • Gender Prejudice  
  • Causes of Prejudice  
    • Introduction
    • Sociological and Psychological Causes
    • Intolerance of Ambiguity
    • Belief Incongruence
    • Psycho-dynamic Causes
    • Direct Intergroup Conflict
    • Social Categorization
    • Social Learning
    • Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
    • Perception of Out-Group Homogeneity
    • Personality and Motivational Determinants  
      • Introduction
      • Culturally Disapproved Behaviour
      • Influence of Parents
      • Age
      • Occupation
      • Religion
    • Cultural Determinants  
  • Indian Studies on Social Prejudice  
  • Studies on Caste Prejudice  
  • Reducing and Resisting Prejudice and Discrimination  
    • Introduction
    • Strategies to Reduce Prejudice
    • Conceptual Approaches to Change Prejudice
    • Feldman’s Three Major Techniques
    • Psychological and Behavioural Methods
    • Cognitive Approaches  
    • Educational Approaches  
  • Concept of Stereotypes  
    • Introduction
    • Meaning
    • Definition: Stereotypes
  • Types of Stereotypes  
    • Introduction
    • From stereotype to prejudice and discrimination
    • Types of stereotypes in Indian society
    • Why are stereotypes harmful?
    • Key Point Summary
    • Caste Stereotypes  
    • Gender Stereotypes  
      • Meaning
      • Common Gender Stereotypes
      • Can Gender Stereotypes Change?
      • Harmfulness of Strong Gender Stereotypes
      • Equality of Men and Women
      • Gender Stereotypes and Discrimination
      • Role of Teachers and Schools
      • Parents and Family
      • Gender Stereotypes in India
      • Why Do Gender Stereotypes Continue?
      • Key Point Summary
    • Community Stereotypes  
  • Change of Stereotypes  
  • Studies on Stereotypes  
8 Applications of Psychology to Different Areas of Life [Revision]
  • Applications of Psychology  
  • Applications of Psychology > Clinical and Counselling Psychology  
  • Components of Counselling Process  
  • Areas of Counselling  
  • Application of Psychological Tests in Counselling  
  • Stages of Counselling Process  
  • Counselling and Psycho-Analysis  
  • Counselling and Anti-social Behaviour  
  • Case Studies Using Counselling Process  
  • Types of Counselling  
    • Introduction
    • Direct and Non-directive Counselling
    • Individual and Group Counselling
  • Counselling and Therapy  
  • Advantages of Counselling  
  • Ethics in Counselling  
  • Role of Counsellor  
    • Role of a Counsellor with Individuals, Couples and Families  
    • Role of a Counsellor with Couples  
    • Role of Counsellor in Family Issues  
    • Role of Counsellor with Group Problems  
  • Applications of Psychology > School and Educational Area  
    • Facilitation of Learning in School  
    • Effective Motivation for Study  
    • Stimulating School Environment  
    • Making the Study Material Meaningful  
    • Teacher–Student Relationship  
  • Difficulties of Teachers and Students  
  • Teaching and Evaluation Techniques  
  • Objective Type of Examination  
  • Role of School Psychologist  
  • Improvement of Memory of Students  
    • Method of LOCI  
    • Numerical Pegs  
    • Chunking  
    • Narrative Stories  
  • Individual Differences and Career Planning  
  • Career Counselling  
  • Role of Psychologist in Career Selection  
  • Requirements of a Job  
  • Job Analysis  
    • Meaning of Job Analysis
    • Definitions of Job Analysis
  • Testing Individuals  
  • Matching Individuals with Jobs  
  • Determinants of Judicious Choice of Career  
    • Career Information  
    • Aligning Career with Aptitude & Interest  
    • Don't Pursue a Job Due to Pressure  
    • Develop Insight into Self  
  • Opportunities, Hobbies, and Interests  
    • Introduction
    • Role of Parents
  • Applications of Psychology > Organisational Area  
    • Personnel Psychology  
    • Selection and Recruitment  
    • Training  
    • Role of Social Industrial Psychology and Attitude  
    • Motivation, Incentives, Job Satisfaction and Work Environment  
    • Leadership Skills and Team Building  
  • Planning and Time and Motion Study  
    • Time Study  
    • Motion Study  
  • Scientific Management  
  • Marketing and Consumer Behaviour  
  • Personal Consumer and Organizational Consumer  
  • Personality Factors of Consumers  
  • Self Image and Multiple Selves  
  • Role of Culture on Consumer Psychology  
  • Cross-Cultural Consumer Analysis  
  • Consumer's Decision-Making Process  
  • Application of Psychology to Crime and Criminals  
    • Introduction
    • Characteristics of Crime
  • Increase in Crime  
    • Introduction
    • White Collar Crime
  • Causes of Criminal Behaviour  
  • Psychological Causes of Crime  
    • Introduction
    • Psychopathic Personality
    • Understanding of Criminals 
  • Prevention of Criminals  
    • Introduction
    • Imprisonment System
    • Prison System
    • Probation System  
  • Control of Criminals  
    • Introduction
    • Family Therapy
    • Reality Therapy
    • Behaviour Therapy
    • Counselling
    • Yoga
  • Rehabilitation of Criminals  

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