CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus - Free PDF Download
CISCE Syllabus 2025-26 Class 12: The CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 CISCE Class 12 Geography Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CISCE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.
Academic year:
CISCE Class 12 Geography Revised Syllabus
CISCE Class 12 Geography and their Unit wise marks distribution
CISCE Class 12 Geography Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: 1. Physical Environment [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
1 Locational Setting of India [Revision]
- Locational Setting: Area, Latitudinal and Longitudinal Extent of India
- Importance of India's Location
- Comparison with China
- Comparison with Australia
2 Geological Evolution and Structure [Revision]
- Geological History
- Some Basic Definitions
- Geological Units
- Difference between the Peninsular Plateaus and the Himalayan Mountains
- Geological Formations of India
3 Relief [Revision]
- The Himalayan Mountain Complex
- Introduction
- The Great Himalayas or the Inner Himalayas
- The Lesser or the Middle Himalayas
- The Outer Himalayas or the Sub-Himalayas or the Shiwalik Range
- Difference between Western Himalayas and Eastern Himalayas
- Regional Divisions of the Himalayas
- Significance of the Himalayas
- The Indus-Ganga-Brahmaputra Plain
- Comparison of Plains in Northern India
- Difference between Bhabar and Tarai
- Difference between Bhangar and Khadar
- Regional Divisions of the Plain
- Significance of the Plain
- The Peninsular Plateau
- Introduction
- The Malwa Plateau
- The Deccan Plateau
- Chotanagpur Plateau
- Regions of the Peninsular Plateau
- Difference between Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats
- Significance of the Peninsular Plateau
- The Indian Coastal Plains
- Introduction
- The western coastal plains
- The eastern coastal plains
- Difference between West Coastal Plain and East Coastal Plain
- The Indian Islands
- Introduction
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Lakshadweep Islands
- Difference between Andaman and Nicobar and Lakshadweep Islands
4 Drainage [Revision]
- Evolution of the Indian River System
- The Himalayan River System
- The Indus Drainage System
- The Ganga Drainage System
- The Brahmaputra Drainage System
- The Himalayan River System
- The Peninsular Rivers
- Rivers flowing in the Bay of Bengal
- Rivers flowing in the Arabian Sea
- Differences between the Himalayan and the Peninsular River Systems
5 Climate [Revision]
- Factors Affecting India's Weather and Climate
- The Concept of Monsoon
- Mechanism of Monsoon
- Indian Monsoonal Regime
- The Rhythm of Seasons
- The Winter Season
- The Summer Season
- The Rainy Season
- The Season of Retreating Monsoon
- Annual Rainfall
- Introduction
- Variability of Annual Rainfall
- Incidence of Drought and Floods
- Drought
- Drought Management Strategies in India
- Floods
- Flood Control Measures and Forecasting in India
- Temperature and Rainfall Graphs
6 Natural Vegetation [Revision]
- Concept of Natural Vegetation
- Classification of Vegetation Types
- Impact of Human Activity on Vegetation
- Introduction
- Forest Cover in India
- Development of Forestry
- Forest Policy and Law
- Forest Conservation
- Introduction
- Chipko Movement
- Integrated Forest Protection Scheme (IFPS)
2: 2. Population and Human Settlements [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
7 Population [Revision]
- India's Population Compared with Other Major Countries
- Census of Population
- Distribution of Population
- Density of Population
- Introduction
- State Level Analysis
- Index of Concentration
- Introduction
- Factors Affecting the Distribution and Density of Population
- Growth of Population: Basic Concepts
- Introduction
- Population Growth Since 1901
- Regional Variations in Population Growth
- Implications of Population Growth for Development
- Population Increase and Environmental Degradation
- Population Increase and Ecological Imbalance
8 Migration Trends [Revision]
- Basic Concept of Migration Trends
- Introduction
- Migration and Census of India
- Definition
- Types of Migration
- Out-Migration
- Introduction
- Three Waves of Indian Diaspora
- Partition of the Indian Subcontinent and International Migration
- In-Migration
- Introduction
- Refugee Influx into India
- Internal Migration
- Magnitude and Patterns of Migration
- Reasons for Migration
- 'Pull' and 'Push' Factors
- Out-Migration
- Consequences of Migration
- Economic Consequences
- Demographic Consequences
- Social Consequences
- Environmental Consequences
- Others
- Migration Streams
- Introduction
- Rural-to-Rural
- Rural-to-Urban
- Urban-to-Urban and Urban-to-Rural
9 Demographic Attributes [Revision]
- Concept of Demographic Attributes
- Introduction
- Definition
- Rural-Urban Population
- Introduction
- Distribution of Rural Population
- Urban Population
- Urbanisation in India
- Urbanization
- Distinct Phases of Urban Growth in India
- Sex Composition
- Age Composition
- Literacy
- Working Population
- Main Workers
- Marginal Workers
- Occupation
- Introduction
- Implications of Demographic Attributes for Development
10 Rural Settlements [Revision]
- Settlments
- Types of Settlements
- Concept of Rural Settlements
- Factors Determining the Types of Rural Settlements
- Distribution of Rural Settlements in India
- Settlement Patterns in India
- Introduction
- Size and Number of Villages in India
- Types and Patterns of Rural Settlements in India
- Rural Settlements in Hill Areas
- Rural Settlements in Plains
- Rural Settlements in Coastal Location
11 Urban Settlements [Revision]
- Types of Settlements
- Concept of Urban Settlements
- Definition
- Introduction
- Urban Areas
- Concept of Urban Settlements
- Factors Influencing Location and Growth of Urban Centres in India
- Problems Resulting from the Growth of Large Cities
- Urbanisation in India
- Urbanization
- Distinct Phases of Urban Growth in India
- Metropolization (or Metropolitanization)
3: 3. Resources of India and Their Utilisation [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
12 Environmental Management and Land Use Pattern [Revision]
- Need for Environmental Management Concerning Development
- Land Use Pattern in India
- Introduction
- Quality of Cultivable Land
- Size of Land Holdings
13 Water Resources and Types of Irrigation [Revision]
- Water Resources of India
- Introduction
- Surface Water
- Groundwater
- Lagoons and Backwaters
- Water Demand and Utilisation
- Emerging Water Problems
- Conservation of Water Resources
- Introduction
- Prevention of Water Pollution
- Recycle and Reuse of Water
- Watershed Management
- Rainwater Harvesting
- National Water Policy of India-2002
- Irrigation in India
- Sources of Irrigation in India
- Primitive Methods
- Introduction
- Wells
- Tank
- Inundation Canals
- Modern Methods
- Introduction
- Tube-Wells
- Canals
- Sprinkler Irrigation
- Primitive Methods
- Dangers of Overwatering
14 Agriculture [Revision]
- Wet and Dry Agriculture
- Crop Rotation
- Crop Combination
- Cropping Intensity
- Problems of Indian Agriculture and Their Solution
- Uses of Technology in Agriculture (Modern Inputs)
- Scope of the Green Revolution
- Impact of the Green Revolution
- Demerits or Problems of the Green Revolution
- Suggestions For the Stability of the Green Revolution
- Introduction
- Second Green Revolution
- Strategies for the Second Green Revolution
- Crop Seasons
- Major Crops: Food Crops
- Rice
- Comparison with China and Japan
- Wheat
- Comparison with China
- Maize
- Jowar
- Bajra
- Ragi
- Pulses
- Major Crops: Commercial and Industrial Crops
- Tea
- Comparison with Sri Lanka
- Coffee
- Cotton
- Comparison with Pakistan
- Jute
- Comparison with Bangladesh
- Sugarcane
- Comparison with China
- Oilseeds
- Groundnut
- Coconut
- Comparison with Sri Lanka
- Market Gardening
15 Fisheries [Revision]
- Introduction to Fisheries
- Fish Production in India
- Marine Fisheries
- Fresh Water or Inland Fisheries
- Introduction
- Distribution
- Trade
- Programme for the Development of Fisheries
- Fishing in Japan
- Introduction
- In-shore Fishing
- Deep Sea Fishing
- Fish Farming
- Fishing in Bangladesh
- Introduction
- Fishing Methods
- Types of Fishing
- Fishing Grounds
- Fish Conservation
- Need for Fish Conservation
- Methods of Fish Conservation
16 Mineral and Power Resources [Revision]
- Minerals
- Introduction
- Types of Minerals
- Distinction between Metallic and Non-Metallic Minerals
- Distinction between Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Minerals
- Minerals in India
- Distribution of Minerals in India
- Metallic Minerals (Ferrous)
- Iron Ore
- Manganese
- Mica
- Bauxite
- Power Resources
- Conventional Sources of Energy
- Firewood
- Coal
- Varieties of Coal
- Occurrence of Coal in India
- Production and Distribution
- Lignite
- Oil and Natural Gas
- Introducton
- Distribution of Oil Fields
- Imports of Petroleum
- Natural Gas
- Power Generation in India
- Introducton
- Thermal Power
- Hydroelectric Power
- Important Hydroelectric Plants in Different States of India
- Nuclear Power
- Non-Conventional Sources of Energy
4: 4. Infrastructural Resources [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
- Modes of Transport
- Rail Transport
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Rail Transport
17 Transport and Communication [Revision]
- Types of Business Services
- Communication
- Modes of Transport
- Rail Transport
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Road Transport
-
Introduction
-
Advantages
-
Disadvantages
-
- Water Transport
- Introduction
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Air Transport
-
Introduction
-
Advantages
-
Disadvantages
-
- Rail Transport
- Classification of Roads
- National Highways
- State Highways
- District Roadways
- Rural Roads
- Urban Roads
- Border Roads
- Geographical Distribution of Roads
- Density of Roads
- Pipelines
- Harbours and Ports
- Personal Communication
- Postal Services
- Mail System
- Telecommunication
- Geographic Information System (GIS)
- Mass Communication
- Introduction
- Prasar Bharati
- Radio
- Doordarshan
- Cinema
- Satellites
- Computers
- Importance of Infrastructure as Key to the Development of Industrial Economy
18 Industries [Revision]
- Introduction to Industries
- Types of Industries
- Industrial Clusters
- Introduction
- Major Industrial Regions
- Minor Industrial Regions
- Factors Influencing the Location of Industries
- Introduction
- Geographical Factors
- Non-Geographical Factors
- Agro-Based Industries
- Sugar Industry
- Introduction
- Development of Sugar Industry in India
- Distribution of Sugar Industry in India
- Difference between the Sugar Industry of Northern and Peninsular India
- Problems of Sugar Industry
- Cotton Textile Industry
- Introduction
- Growth of Textile Industry in India
- Location of Cotton Textile Industry in India
- Production
- Distribution of Cotton Textile Industry in India
- Readymade Garments
- Sugar Industry
- Mineral Based Industries
- Iron and Steel Industry
- Introduction
- Growth of Iron and Steel Industry in India
- Locational Factors
- Aluminium Smelting
- Introduction
- Growth and Development
- Cement Industry
- Introduction
- Locational Factors
- Growth of Cement Industry
- Distribution and Exports
- Transport Equipment
- Railway Equipment
- Automobile Industry
- Air-Craft Industry
- Petrochemicals
- Polymers
- Synthetic Fibers
- Oil Refineries
- Fertilizers
- Production and Distribution
- Public Sector Undertakings
- Co-operative and Private Sector with Imports
- Iron and Steel Industry
19 Tourism Industry [Revision]
- Concept of Tourism Industry
- Growth of Tourism in India
- Employment Opportunities in Tourism
- Places of Tourist Interest
- Introduction
- The Himalayan Region
- The Great Plain of North India
- The Peninsular Plateau and the Coastal Plains
- Islands
- Problems and Prospects
- Tourism and Environment
5: 5. Regional Economic Development [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
20 Regional Economic Development (Case Studies) [Revision]
- Development: Meaning and Perspectives
- Multi-Level Planning
- Introduction
- Planning Regions
- Hierarchy of Planning Regions
- Chhattisgarh Regions
- Introduction
- Mining
- Silk Industry
- Farming
- Electronics Industry in Bangaluru
- Growth of Haldia Port
6: Practical Work and Project Report [Revision]
CISCE Class 12 Geography Syllabus
1 Scales [Revision]
- Concept of Scales
- Introduction
- Representation of Scale on a Map
- Conversion Between Statement of Scale and Representative Fraction (R.F.)
- Construction of Graphical Scale
2 Representation of Relief [Revision]
- Methods of Representing Relief on Maps
- Introduction
- Vertical Interval and Horizontal Equivalent
- Precautions for Drawing Contours
- Interpolation of Contours
- Methods of Drawing a Profile
- Representation of Slopes by Contours
- Introduction
- Representation of Relief Features by Contours
3 Study and Interpretation of Topographical Maps [Revision]
- Topographical Maps
- Definition
- Introduction
- Interpretation of Topographical Maps
- Development of Topographical Maps in India
- Nomenclature and Numbering of Topographical Sheets
- Summary of Topo-Sheets Published by Survey of India
- Conventional Signs and Symbols
- Interpretation of Topographical Maps
- Introduction
- Headings for Topographical Map Interpretation
- Study and Interpretation of Some Selected Topographical Maps
- Types of Business Services
- Nature of Occupation
- Geographical Interpretation of Topographical Map Sheet No. 53H/3
4 Geographical Information System (GIS) [Revision]
- Spatial Information Technology
- Introduction
- Forms of Geographical Information
- Advantages of GIS over Manual Method
- Components of GIS
- Spatial Data Formats
- Raster Data Format
- Vector Data Format
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Raster Data Structure
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Vector Data Structure
- Sequence of GIS Activities
- Spatial data input
- Entering the attribute data
- Data verification and editing
- Spatial and attribute data linkages
- Spatial analysis
5 Remote Sensing [Revision]
- Introduction to Remote Sensing
- Electromagnetic Spectrum and Energy
- Introduction
- Electromagnetic Energy
- Sensing Systems
- Effects of the Atmosphere
- Zones of Remote Sensing
- Zones
- Photography
- Remote Sensing from Spacecrafts
- Application of Remote Sensing in Geography
- Application of Remote Sensing in India
- Geology and Mineral Resources
6 Surveying [Revision]
- Concept of Surveying
- Definition
- Types of Survey
- Plane Table Survey
- Introduction
- Instruments used in a Plane Table Survey
- Precautions for Conducting Plane Table Survey
- Methods of Plane Table Survey
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Plane Table Survey
7 Project Work [Revision]
- Importance of Field Work in Geography
- Outline or Planning for the Field Work
- Stages of Survey
- Introduction
- Agricultural Land Use Survey
- Household Survey
- Study of A Manufacturing Industry
