CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus - Free PDF Download
CISCE Syllabus 2025-26 ISC Class 12: The CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for the examination year 2025-26 has been released by the Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations, CISCE. The board will hold the final examination at the end of the year following the annual assessment scheme, which has led to the release of the syllabus. The 2025-26 CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Board Exam will entirely be based on the most recent syllabus. Therefore, students must thoroughly understand the new CISCE syllabus to prepare for their annual exam properly.
The detailed CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus for 2025-26 is below.
Academic year:
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Revised Syllabus
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) and their Unit wise marks distribution
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Course Structure 2025-26 With Marking Scheme
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Syllabus
1: Reproduction [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
1 Reproduction in Organisms [Revision]
- Reproduction
- Importance of Life Span
- Definition: Reproduction
- Modes of Reproduction
- Flowchart
- Asexual Reproduction
- Definition: Asexual Reproduction
- Introduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Sexual Reproduction
- Phases of Life Cycle and Reproductive Transition
- Flowering Patterns and Breeding Types
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Binary Fission
- Definition: Binary fission
- Types of Binary Fission: Flowchart
- Binary Fission > Simple Binary Fission
- Definition: Simple binary fission
- Sequential Steps
- Key Takeaways
- Binary Fission > Transverse Binary Fission
- Binary Fission > Longitudinal Binary Fission
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Multiple Fission
- Introduction
- Example-Amoeba
- Asexual Reproduction in Unicellular Organisms > Budding
- Introduction
- Example-Saccharomyces (yeast)
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Budding
- Introduction
- Example-Hydra
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Gemmule formation
- Introduction
- Example-Spongilla
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Regeneration
- Introduction
- Example-Planaria
- Example-Hydra
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Fragmentation
- Introduction
- Example-Spirogyra
- Asexual Reproduction in Multicellular Organisms > Spore Formation
- Introduction
- Example-Mucor
- Example-Chlamydomonas
- Example-Pythium
- Example-Rhizopus
- Example-Aspergillus
- Example-Penicillium
- Binary Vs Multiple Fission
- Vegetative Reproduction
- Definition: Vegetative Reproduction or Vegetative Propagation
- Advantage
- Disadvantage
- Natural Vegetative Reproduction
- Introduction
- Underground Stems
- Sub-aerial Stems
- Roots
- Leaves
- Bulbils
- Advantages
- Artificial Vegetative Reproduction
- Introduction
- Cuttings
- Layering
- Grafting
- Tissue culture
- Advantages
- Monocarpic Vs Polycarpic Plants
- Events in Sexual Reproduction
- Introduction
- Pre-fertilization Events
- Definition: Pre-fertilization Events
- Gametogenesis
- Cell Division During Gamete Formation
- Gamete Transfer and Its Mechanisms
- Pollination in Plants and Fertilization in Animals
- Fertilization (Syngamy)
- Post-fertilization Events
- Definition: Post-fertilization Events
- Definition: Embryogenesis
- Developmental Stages After Fertilization
- Comparison Between Zygote and Zoospore
- Sexual Vs Asexual Reproduction
- Sexuality in Plants
- Types of Reproductive Structures in Plants
- Monoecious and Dioecious Plant Classification
- Sexuality in Animals
- Unisexual and Bisexual Animals
- Structure and Function of Reproductive Organs
- Oviparous Vs Viviparous Animals
- Introduction
- Comparision
- Parthenogenesis (Virgin Birth)
- Definition: Parthenogenesis
- Definition: Parthenogenome or Parthenote
- Occurrence of Parthenogenesis
- Parthenogenesis in Honey Bees and Other Organisms
- Oestrus vs Menstrual Cycles
- Introduction
- Definition: Oestrus Cycle
- Definition: Menstrual Cycle
- Comparision
2 Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants [Revision]
- Modes of Reproduction
- Sexual Reproduction
- Definition: Sexual Reproduction
- Phases of Life Cycle and Reproductive Transition
- Flowering Patterns and Breeding Types
- Sexual Reproduction
- Life Cycle of Angiosperms
- Diploid Sporophytic Phase (2n)
- Haploid Gametophytic Phase (n)
- Flower - a Fascinating Organ of Angiosperms
- Morphological Significance of the Flower
- Floral Whorls and Their Arrangement
- Male Reproductive Structures: Androecium
- Female Reproductive Structures: Gynoecium
- Types of Flowers
- Complete and Incomplete Flowers
- Perfect and Imperfect Flowers
- Relative Position of Floral Parts on the Thalamus
- Structure and Development of Anther
- Structure of Anther and Pollen Chambers
- Anther Wall Layers and Their Functions
- Dehiscence of Anther
- Microsporogenesis
- Definition: Microsporogenesis
- Primary Sporogenous Tissue
- Meiotic Division
- Types of Pollen Tetrads
- Structure and Development of Male Gametophyte
- Structure of Pollen Grain
- Composition and Role of Sporopollenin
- Pollination and Pollen Germination
- Pollen Viability and Preservation
- Formation of Male Gametophyte
- Development of Male Gametes
- Structure and Development of Ovule
- Structure of Ovule
- Development of Ovule
- Types of Ovules (Based on Orientation)
- Orthotropous (Atropous)
- Anatropous
- Campylotropous
- Hemianatropous
- Amphitropous
- Circinotropous
- Types of Ovules (Based on Integuments)
- Unitegmic
- Bitegmic
- Ategmic
- Megasporogenesis
- Definition: Megasporogenesis
- Process
- Development of Female Gametophyte or Embryo Sac
- Formation of Embryo Sac
- Cellular Organisation of Embryo Sac
- Male Vs Female Gametophytes in Angiosperms
- Pollination
- Definition: Pollination
- Self-pollination
- Definition: Self-pollination
- Autogamy
- Definition: Autogamy
- Introduction
- Cross-pollination
- Definition: Cross-pollination
- Outbreeding Devices
- Introduction
- Self-sterility (or Self-incompatibility)
- Dichogamy
- Herkogamy
- Heterostyly
- Unisexuality
- Agents and Types of Cross-pollination
- Introduction
- Flowchart
- Anemophily
- Definition: Anemophily
- Introduction
- Hydrophily
- Definition: Hydrophily
- Introduction
- Entomophily
- Definition: Entomophily
- Introduction
- Ornithophily
- Definition: Ornithophily
- Introduction
- Cheiropteriphily
- Definition: Cheiropteriphily
- Introduction
- Malacophily
- Definition: Malacophily
- Introduction
- Wind Vs Insect-pollinated flowers
- Self-pollination Vs Cross-pollination
- Events in Sexual Reproduction
- Fertilization (Syngamy)
- Post-fertilization Events
- Definition: Post-fertilization Events
- Definition: Embryogenesis
- Developmental Stages After Fertilization
- Comparison Between Zygote and Zoospore
- Artificial Hybridization or Artificial Fertilization
- Pollen Pistil Interaction
- Pollen Germination and Pollen Tube Growth
- Explanation
- Entry of Pollen Tube into Ovule
- Introduction
- Porogamy
- Chalazogamy
- Mesogamy
- Entry of Pollen Tube into the Embryo Sac
- Explanation
- Discharge of male gametes from the pollen tube
- Embryo
- Definition: Embryogenesis
- Introduction
- Endosperm
- Development of Dicotyledonous Embryo
- Early Cell Division and Pro-Embryo Formation
- Suspensor and Hypophysis Development
- Embryo Maturation
- Development of Monocotyledonous Embryo
- Embryo Formation and Cell Lineage
- Structure of Mature Monocot Embryo
- Parthenocarpy
- Definition: Parthenocarpic Fruits
- Definition: Parthenocarpy
- Causes of Parthenocarpic Fruit Formation
- Significance in Horticulture
- Polyembryony
- Apomixis
- Definition: Apomixis
- Types
- Mechanisms
- Significance
- Formation of Seed and Fruit
- Process of Seed Formation
- Fruit Formation and Structure
- Fate of Ovary Parts in Fruit
- Significance of Seed Dispersal and Fruit Formation
- The Fruit
- The Seed
- Definition: Seed
- Structure and Formation of the Seed
- Seed Variability and Adaptations
- Role and Importance of Seeds
- Structure of Some Common Seeds
- Dicotyledonous Exalbuminous Seed
- Monocotyledonous Albuminous Seed
- Classification of Seeds
- Classification Based on Cotyledon Number
- Classification Based on Endosperm Presence
- Special Cases and Examples
- Dicot Seeds Vs Monocot Seeds
3 Human Reproduction [Revision]
- Human Reproduction
- Secondary Sexual Characteristics in Humans
- Introduction
- Definition: Secondary Sexual Characters
- Secondary Sexual Characters in Human Males
- Secondary Sexual Characters in Human Females
- Human Reproductive Organs
- Definition: Primary sex organs
- Definition: Secondary sex organs
- Embryonic and Post-Embryonic Developmental Periods
- The Male Reproductive System
- Structure
- Components
- Definition: Seminal fluid or Semen
- Definition: Ejaculation
- Testes
- Definition: Testes
- Definition: Gubernaculum
- Definition: Mesorchium
- Definition: Cryptorchidism
- Definition: Inguinal Hernia
- Development of Testes
- Location and Temperature Regulation of Testes
- Definition: Scrotum
- Role of the Scrotum in Testes Suspension
- Mechanism of Temperature Control for Spermatogenesis
- Internal Structure of Testis
- Definition: Tunicae
- Definition: Testicular Lobules
- Definition: Seminiferous Tubules
- Protective Layers and Seminiferous Tubules
- Types and Functions of Testicular Cells
- Duct system of Male Reproductive Tract
- Introduction
- Definition: Rete Testis
- Definition: Vasa Efferentia
- Definition: Duct of Epididymis
- Definition: Vas Deferens
- Epididymis: Structure and Function
- Vas Deferens and Sperm Conduction
- Urethra: Common Passage for Urine and Semen
- Accessory Glands of Male Reproductive System
- Prostate Gland
- Seminal Vesicle
- Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's glands)
- External Genitalia: Penis
- Definition: Prepuce (Foreskin)
- Definition: Erection of Penis
- Structure and Function of Penis
- Erection and Circumcision
- Semen (Seminal fluid)
- Composition and Function of Semen
- Sperm Count and Fertility Disorders
- Disorders of Male Reproductive System
- The Female Reproductive System
- Introduction
- External Genitalia: Vulva
- Definition: Vulva
- Parts of Female External Genitalia
- Female Internal Reproductive Organs
- Ovaries
- Structure and Size of Ovaries
- Functions: Ovum and Hormone Secretion
- Location of Ovaries
- Structure of Ovaries
- Layers and Zones of Ovary
- Definition: Follicles
- Ovarian Follicle Development and Function
- Primordial Follicle
- Primary Follicle
- Secondary Follicle
- Tertiary Follicle
- Graafian Follicle
- Ovulation
- Corpus Luteum
- Corpus Albicans
- Female Reproductive Duct System
- Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts)
- Definition: Ampulla
- Structure and Parts of Fallopian Tube
- Role in Ovum Transport and Fertilization
- Uterus (Womb)
- Definition: Endometrium
- Parts of Uterus
- Layers of Uterine Wall
- Functions in Reproduction
- Cervix and Cervical Canal
- Vagina
- Structure and Functions of Vagina
- Secretions and Role of Bartholin’s Glands
- Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts)
- Mammary Glands
- Definition: Areola
- Definition: Nipple
- Definition: Alveoli
- Anatomy and Structure
- Lactation and Hormonal Regulation
- Composition and Importance of Milk
- Disorders of Female Reproductive System
- Male Urethra Vs Female Urethra
- Graafian Follicle Vs Corpus Luteum
- Sperm Vs Ovum
- Gametogenesis
- Spermatogenesis
- Definition: Spermatogenesis
- Introduction
- Phases of Spermatogenesis
- Multiplication phase
- Growth phase
- Maturation phase
- Spermiogenesis
- General Features of Sperm
- Structural Changes During Spermiogenesis
- Release of Sperm: Spermiation
- Factors affecting Spermatogenesis
- Structure of Sperms
- Introduction
- Head
- Neck
- Middle Piece
- Tail (Flagellum)
- Oogenesis
- Definition: Oogenesis
- Introduction
- Phases of Oogenesis
- Multiplication phase
- Growth phase
- Maturation phase
- Spermatogenesis Vs Oogenesis
- Puberty
- Introduction
- Changes in puberty in boys and girls
- Hormonal Control of Puberty
- Menstrual Cycle (Ovarian Cycle)
- Major Events of Menstrual Cycle
- Hormonal Control of Menstrual Cycle
- Menarche
- Menopause
- Embryonic Development in Human
- Definition: Embryogeny
- Definition: Gametogenesis
- Fertilization
- Definition: Fertilization
- Definition: Internal Fertilization
- Fertilization in Human
- Maturation and capacitation of spermatozoa
- Structure of ovum
- Coitus
- Egg Types
- Passage of sperm in female genital tract
- Ovum-sperm interaction in fallopian tube
- Fertilization of the ovum
- From Egg to Embryo
- Fate of Germ Layers in Embryonic Development
- Derivatives of Ectoderm
- Derivatives of Endoderm
- Derivatives of Mesoderm
- Major Features of Embryonic Development
- Placenta (Growth) in Human
- Placenta
- Functions of Placenta
- Parturition (Birth) in Human
- Lactation in Human
- Parental Care
4 Reproductive Health [Revision]
- Concept of Reproductive Health
- Introduction
- Problems
- Strategies
- Population Explosion and Birth Control
- Methods of Birth Control and Contraceptive Devices
- Natural Contraceptive Methods
- Artificial Contraceptive Methods
- Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP)
- Inequality of Sexes
- Infertility
- Introduction
- Causes of Infertility
- Finding the Cause
- Finding a Remedy
- Coping with Infertility
- Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)
- Test-Tube Babies (IVF)
- Amniocentesis
- Genetic Counselling
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI)
- Gonorrhoea
- Syphilis
- Genital Herps
- Chlamydiasis
- Genital Warts
- Trichomoniasis
- Hepatitis B
2: Genetics and Evolution [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
5 Principles of Inheritance and Variation [Revision]
- Heredity and Variation
- Gregor Johann Mendel – Father of Genetics
- Mendel's Experiments Inheritance
- Crossing Technique
- Mendel's Law
- Basic Terms Used in Inheritance Studies
- Reasons for Mendel's Success
- Practical Applications of Mendel's Laws
- Post Mendelian Genetics
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Incomplete Dominance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Co-Dominance
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Pleiotropy
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Multiple alleles
- Exceptions to Mendel's Principles > Polygenic traits - Quantitative inheritance
- Pedigree Analysis
- Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
- Linkage
- Types of Linkage > Complete Linkage
- Types of Linkage > Incomplete Linkage
- Factors Affecting Linkage
- Significance of Linkage
- Linked and Unlinked Genes
- Crossing Over
- Mechanism of Crossing Over
- Types of Crossing Over
- Factors Affecting Crossing Over
- Significance of Crossing Over
- Chromosomal Mapping
- Mapping Technique
- Significance of Chromosome Mapping
- Autosomes and Sex Chromosomes
- Sex Determination
- Basis of Sex Determination
- Sex Linked Inheritance
- Sex Linked Traits
- Morgan and Drosophila
- Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila
- Sex-linked Inheritance in Human Beings
- Colour blindness
- Haemophilia
- Human Genetic Disorders
- Genetic Disorders
- Examples of Genetic Disorders
- Mendelian Disorders in Humans
- Autosomal Abnormalities
- Down's syndrome (Mongolian Idiocy)
- Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
- Klinefelter's Syndrome
- Turner's Syndrome
- Disorders of Sex Development due to Sex-Chromosome Abnormality
- Variations
- Recombinations
- Mutations
- Gene Mutations
- Frame Shift Mutations
- Substitution (Replacement) Mutations
- Chromosomal Mutations or Aberrations
- Deficiency or deletion
- Duplication
- Translocation
- Inversion
- Genomic Mutations or Heteroploidy or Numerical Aberrations
- Aneuploidy
- Euploidy
- Induction of Gene Mutation
- Implications of Mutations
- Polyploidy: Instant Speciation
6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance [Revision]
- Concept of Genes
- Nature of Genes
- Direct Evidences for DNA as the Genetic Material
- Properties of Genetic Material
- Indirect Evidences for DNA as the Genetic Material
- DNA Vs RNA
- Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
- The RNA World
- Biomolecules in the Cell > Nucleic Acids
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
- Purines Vs Pyrimidines
- Chargaff's Rules for Base Pairing in DNA
- Polynucleotide
- Variants of Double Helix DNA
- Differences in different forms of DNA
- Prokaryotic DNA Vs Eukaryotic DNA
- Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA)
- Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- Introduction of RNA
- Types of RNA and Their Functions
- Types of RNA
- Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- Messenger RNA (mRNA)
- Transfer RNA (tRNA)
- Prokaryotic mRNA Vs Eukaryotic mRNA
- Various Other Types of RNA
- DNA Replication
- Conservative Replication
- Dispersive Replication
- Semi-Conservative Replication
- Meselson and Stahl’s Experiment
- Enzymes used in DNA Replication
- Mechanism of DNA Replication
- Leading Strand Vs Lagging Strand
- Errors in DNA Replication and Its Repair
- Central Dogma
- Reverse Transcription (Teminism)
- Protein Synthesis
- Transcription Unit and the Gene
- Translation
- Post-transcriptional Processing of RNAs
- Mechanism of mRNA Processing in Eukaryotes
- Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
- Genetic Code
- Characterestic of the Genetic Code
- Chain Initiation and Chain Termination Codons
- Mechanism of Translation
- Mutations and Protein Structure
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- Regulation of Gene Expression
- Induction and Repression
- Human Genome Project
- DNA Fingerprinting
- Rice Genome Project
7 Origin of Life [Revision]
- The Universe
- Origin of Solar System
- Origin of Life on Earth
- Theory of Special Creation
- Theory of Spontaneous Generation (Abiogenesis or Autogenesis Theory)
- Theory of Biogenesis
- Biochemical Origin of Life
- First step: Origin of Earth and its Primitive Atmosphere
- Second step: Origin of Molecules and Simple Inorganic Compounds
- Third step: Origin of Organic Compounds
- Fourth step: Origin of Colloids, Coacervates and Individuality
- Fifth step: Origin of Autocatalytic Systems, Genes, Viruses and Primordial Life
- Sixth step: Origin of Primordial Cellular forms of Life (Prokaryotes)
- Seventh step: Origin of Autotrophism
- Eighth step: Origin of Eukaryotic Cells
- Basic Terms related to Origin of Life
- Effects of Oxygen on Evolution
- Development of Life through Evolution
8 Evidences and Theories of Biological Evolution [Revision]
- Evidences of Organic Evolution
- Evidences from Palaeontology
- Computation of the Age of a Fossil
- Evolutionary Evidence from Fossil Records
- Mass Extinctions
- Geological Time Scale
- Significance of Organic Evolution
- Evidences from Morphology and Anatomy
- Homology and Homologous Organs
- Analogy and Analogous Organs
- Vestigial Organs
- Connecting Links
- Atavism
- Evidences from Embryology
- Temporary Embryonic Structures
- Recapitulation Theory
- Evidences from Cell Biology and Biochemistry
- Molecular (Genetic) Evidences
- Evidences from Geographical Distribution
- Discontinuous Distribution
- Restricted Distribution
- Adaptive Radiation
- Theories and Mechanism of Evolution
- Lamarckism
- Basic Postulates of Lamarckism
- Evidences in favor of Lamarckism
- Criticism of Lamarckism
- Neo-Lamarckism
- Darwinism
- Basic Postulates of Darwinism
- Drawbacks and Criticism of Darwinism
- Neo-Darwinism
- Mutation Theory of De Vries
- Modern Theory of Evolution
- Causes of Variations
- Mutations
- Implications of Mutations
- Common Misconceptions about the Theory of Evolution
- Recombinations
- Migration
- Genetic Drift
- Gene Flow
- Methods of Crop Improvement
- Selection
- Hardy Weinberg’s Principle
- Bottle Neck Effect
- Types of Selection
- Examples of Natural Selection
- Natural Vs Artificial Selection
- Adaptations
- Process of Adaptation
- Genetic basis of Adaptation
- Convergent and Divergent Evolution
- Speciation
9 Human Evolution [Revision]
- Scientific Perspectives on Human Origins
- Place of Man in the Animal Kingdom
- Early Human Ancestors > Prior to Ape Man
- Early Human Ancestors > The Ape Man
- Early Human Ancestors > The Early Man
- Man Vs Ape
- Average Cranial Capacities of Apes and Men
- Main features associated with Human Evolution
- Social Behaviour in Human Evolution
- The Man of Future
3: Biology and Human Welfare [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
10 Human Health and Diseases [Revision]
- Health
- Introduction
- Physical Health
- Mental Health
- Human Diseases > Communicable Or Infectious Diseases
- Introduction
- Infectious and Non-infectious causes of Disease
- Modes of Transmission of Diseases through Pathogens
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Typhoid
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Pneumonia
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Diphtheria
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria > Plague
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Common Cold
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Dengue Fever
- Diseases Caused by Viruses > Chikungunya
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Malaria
- Diseases Caused by Protozoa > Amoebiasis (Amoeboic dysentery)
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Ascariasis
- Diseases Caused by Helminths > Filariasis (Elephantiasis)
- Diseases Caused by Fungi > Ringworm
- Human Diseases > Non-communicable or Non-infectious Diseases
- Cancer
- Introduction of Cancer
- Differences between normal cell and cancer cell
- Causes of cancer
- Cancer detection and diagnosis
- Treatment of cancer
- Scope of Immunology
- Types of Cancer
- Cause of Cancer
- Organs Commonly Affected by Cancer
- Symptoms and Diagnosis of Cancer
- Prevention/Treatment of Cancer
- Chemical Carcinogens and their Target Tissues
- Pathogens
- Portals of Entry
- Barriers to Invasion by Pathogens
- The Body's Defence Mechanisms
- Protective Surface Phenomenon
- Non-Specific Cellular Responses
- The Immune System
- Lymphoid Organs
- Antigens
- Production of Lymphocytes
- Cellular Immune Response (Response of T-Cells to Antigens)
- Humoral Immune Response (Response of B-Cells to Antigens)
- Antibodies
- Adjunctive Functions of Antibodies
- Mechanism of Action (Effector Mechanisms)
- Allergy
- Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Innate Immunity
- Types of Immunity > Acquired Immunity
- Properties of the Human Immunoglobulins
- Vaccines
- Monoclonal Antibodies
- Interferons
- Autoimmunity
- Immunodeficiency Disorders
- HIV/AIDS
- Organ Transplants and Immunosuppression
- Kidney Transplantation
- Role of Stem Cells in Medical Treatment
- Concept of Adolescence
- Introduction
- Meaning
- Stages of Adolescence
- Development of Sexual and Secondary Sexual Characters
- Physical Changes during Adolescence
- Emotional and Social Changes
- Adolescence as a Phase
- Addiction
- Tobacco
- Cannabis/Cannabinoids
- Health Hazards of Tobacco Smoking: Key Facts
- Addiction > Alcohol
- Common Misconceptions about Alcoholism
- Impact of Alcohol Use and Abuse on Health
- Major Risks of Alcoholism
- Symptoms of Alcohol Intoxication
- Drugs
- Types and Effects of Psychoactive Drugs
- Hallucinogens
- Drug Abuse
- Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol Use- An Invitation to Death
- Effects of Drug and Alcohol Abuse
- Prevention and Control of Drug Abuse
11 Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production [Revision]
- Rise of Agriculture and Settled Life
- Origin of Cultivated Plants
- Green Revolution
- Crop Improvement
- Steps in Plant Breeding
- Methods of Crop Improvement
- Selection
- Hybridization
- Induced Mutations
- Tissue Culture
- Definition
- Introduction
- Tissue Culture Stages
- Processes in Tissue Culture
- Types of Selection
- Hybridization Procedure
- Plant Breeding for Disease Resistance
- Plant Breeding for Developing Resistance to Insect Pests
- Hybrid Vigour (Heterosis)
- Plant Introduction and Acclimatization
- Technique of Tissue Culture
- Components of Culture Media for Cell/Tissue Culture
- Types of Cell/Tissue Culture
- Applications of Tissue Cultures in Crop Improvement
- Single Cell Protein (SCP)
- Biofortification
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock): Apiculture (Bee Farming)
- Apiculture
- Types of Honey Bee
- Polymorphism in honey bee
- Artificial bee hive
- Honey Bee
- Bee Keeping and Extraction of Honey
- Products of Bee Keeping/ Advantage of Apiculture
- Development of Apiculture in India
- Dairy (Livestock) Farm Management
- Proper Care for Optimal Yield
- Dairy Farm Management
- Protecting the Cattle from Diseases
- Livestock Management: Sheep, Goats, and Horses
- Cattle Management
- Controlled Breeding Experiments (Artificial Insemination)
- MOET Programme
- Common Livestock Diseases
- Nutritive Value of Milk
- Utility of Cattle
- Livestock Development in India
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock): Animal Breeding
- Poultry Farm Management
- Poultry Farm Management
- Components of Poultry Farm Management
- Egg and Broiler Production
- Poultry Disease
- Raising of Poultry
- Nutritive Value of Eggs
- Poultry Development in India
- Poultry Farming Vs Livestock Rearing
- Animal Husbandry (Livestock): Pisciculture (Fish Farming)
- Fisheries in India
12 Microbes in Human Welfare [Revision]
- Microbes in Household Products
- Microbes in Food Production
- Microbes in Industries
- Microbes in Sewage Treatment
- Treatment of Sewage
- Ganga and Yamuna River Pollution Control Initiatives
- Microbes in Energy Generation
- Microbes as Biocontrol Agents
- Microbes as Biofertilizers
4: Biotechnology and Its Applications [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
13 Principles and Processes of Biotechnology [Revision]
- Principles of Biotechnology
- Genetic Engineering
- Recombinant DNA technology
- Tools of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Restriction Enzymes
- Types of Restriction Enzymes
- Features of an Ideal Vector
- Plasmids
- pBR 322 Vectors
- pUC Vectors
- Agrobacterium tumefaciens
- Phages
- Artificial Chromosomes as Vectors
- Vectors for Cloning Genes in Plants and Animals
- Gene Library
- Human Health
- Cloning
- Introduction to Cloning
- Reproductive Cloning
- Therapeutic Cloning
- Cloning
- Processes of Recombinant DNA Technology
- Isolation of the Genetic Material (DNA)
- Cutting of DNA at Specific Locations
- Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR
- Insertion of Recombinant DNA into the Host Cell/Organism
- Obtaining the Foreign Gene Product
- Downstream Processing
- Applications and Risks of Genetic Engineering
- Moral and Ethical Issues of Genetic Engineering
- Genetic Transformation in Plants
- Genetic Transformation in Animals
14 Biotechnology and Its Applications [Revision]
- Core Objectives of Biotechnological Research
- Applications of Biotechnology in Agriculture
- Features of Genetically Modified Crops
- Bt Cotton
- Pest-Resistant Plant
- Mechanism of RNA Interference
- Applications of Biotechnology in Health and Medicine
- Genetically Engineered Insulin
- Vaccine Production
- Stem Cell Technology
- Stem Cell Therapy
- Human Health
- Gene Therapy
- Molecular Diagnosis
- ELISA
- Transgenic Animals
- Role of GEAC in Regulating Genetically Modified Organisms in India
- Biopiracy
- Biopatent
- Bioethical Issues
5: Ecology and Environment [Revision]
CISCE ISC Class 12 Biology (Theory) Syllabus
15 Organisms and Populations [Revision]
- Ecology and Biomes
- Levels of Ecological Organisation
- Organisms and Their Environment
- Biomes of India
- Major Abiotic Factors
- Climatic Factors > Precipitation
- Climatic Factors > Wind
- Climatic Factors > Temperature
- Climatic Factors > Light
- Climatic Factors > Atmospheric Humidity
- Climatic Factors > Fire
- Topographic Factors
- Atmospheric Factors
- Biotic Factors
- Soil Factors (Edaphic Factors)
- Soil Organisms
- Responses of Organisms to Abiotic Factors
- Habitat
- Niche
- Types of Habitats in the Biosphere
- Adaptations
- Adaptations of Plants
- Adaptation in Desert Plants (Xerophytes)
- Introduction
- Experiment
- Adaptation in Desert Plants (Xerophytes)
- Adaptation in Animals
- Aquatic Adaptations (Hydrocoles)
- Desert Adaptations (Xerocoles)
- Volant Adaptations
- Cursorial Adaptations
- Fossorial Adaptations
- Arboreal (Scansorial) Adaptations
- Parasitic Adaptations
- Behavioural Adaptations in Animals
- Population Interactions
- Interaction between Organisms
- Intraspecific Relationships
- Dominance Hierarchy (Pecking Order)
- Territoriality
- Altruism
- Animal Societies
- Communication
- Interspecific Relationships
- Positive Interactions > Commensalism
- Positive Interactions > Proto-cooperation
- Positive Interactions > Mutualism (Symbiosis)
- Negative Interactions > Predation
- Negative Interactions > Parasitism
- Negative Interactions > Competition
- Negative Interactions > Amensalism
- Concepts and Measures of Population Ecology
- Environmental Resistance
- Growth Models
- Population Growth
- Carrying Capacity and Its Role in Population Sustainability
- Environmental Stochasticity
- Population Growth Curve
- Population Age Distribution
- Sex Ratio
- Population Dispersal and Energy Flow (Bioenergetics)
- Population
- Life History Variation
16 Ecosystem [Revision]
- Concept of Ecosystem
- Components of an Ecosystem > Biotic Component
- Producers
- Consumers
- Decomposers
- Key Ecological Terms
- Food Chain
- Concept of Food Chain
- Advantages of Food Chain
- Types of Food Chains
- Trophic Levels
- Food Web
- Concept of Food Web
- Advantages of Food Web
- Ecological Pyramids
- Components of an Ecosystem > Abiotic Component
- Functions of an Ecosystem
- Structure of Pond Ecosystem
- Flow of Energy
- Productivity
- Efficiencies in Ecosystem
- Decomposition
- Biogeochemical Cycles (Nutrient Cycles)
- Phosphorus Cycle
- Biotic or Ecological Succession
- Causes of Succession
- Kinds of Succession
- Major Trends during Succession
- Process of Succession
- Major Trends in Biotic Succession
- Biotic Succession > Hydrosere
- Biotic Succession > Xerosere
- Dominance of Species
- Ecological Services
17 Biodiversity and Its Conservation [Revision]
- Biodiversity
- Types of Biodiversity
- Patterns of Biodiversity
- Biodiversity In India
- Measuring Biodiversity
- Importance of Biodiversity
- Rivet-Popper Hypothesis
- Loss of Biodiversity
- Need for Biodiversity Conservation
- Threatened Species
- Endangered Flora and Fauna
- Hotspots of Biodiversity
- Red Data Book
- Genetic Conservation
- Gene Pool
- Genetic Erosion
- Conservation Strategies
- Wildlife Conservation Strategy in India
- Wildlife Acts/Projects of India for Wildlife Conservation
- Protected Areas in India
- Biosphere Reserve
- National Parks
- Wildlife Sanctuary
- Sacred Groves
- Botanical Gardens
- Wildlife Safari
- Biosphere Reserves Vs National Parks Vs Sanctuary
- Seed Bank
- Cryopreservation
- Gene (Germplasm) Banks
- Ramsar Sites
- Conventions on Biological Diversity
- Earth Summit
- World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
18 Environmental Issues [Revision]
- Environmental Pollution
- Kinds of Pollutants
- Environmental Issues
- Sources of Air Pollution
- Major Air Pollutants
- Effects of Air Pollution
- Consequences of Air Pollution
- Greenhouse Effect
- Global Warming
- El Nino Effect
- Prevention and Control of Air Pollution
- Ozone
- Ozone Layer Depletion
- Acid Rain
- Nuclear Winter
- Climate Change
- Kyoto Protocol
- Water Pollution
- Sources of Water Pollution
- Ganga and Yamuna River Pollution Control Initiatives
- Effects of Water Pollution
- Effects on Human Beings
- Effects on Ecosystem
- Effect of Agrochemicals
- Environmental Acts
- Prevention and Control of Water Pollution
- Eutrophication
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
- Biological Concentration and Biomagnification
- A Case Study of Integrated Waste Water Treatment
- Ecosan Toilets
- Sources of Noise Pollution
- Effects of Noise Pollution
- Decibel
- Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution
- Radioactive Pollution
- Sources of Radioactive Pollution
- Effect of Radioactive Pollution
- Prevention and Control of Radioactive Pollution
- Soil Pollution
- Sources of Soil Pollution
- Effects of Soil Pollution
- Prevention and Control of Soil Pollution
- Land Degradation
- Soil Erosion
- Prevention and Control of Land Degradation
- Land and Water Management in India
- Wasteland Development
- Solid Waste Management
- E-waste Management
- Deforestation and Its Causes
- Consequences of Deforestation
- Conservation of Forests
- Case Study of People's Participation in Conservation of Forests
- Case Study of Organic Farming
- Case Study of Remedy for Plastic Waste
- Pollution-related Diseases
- Occupational Respiratory Disorders
